From screen to immersive design: The influence of virtual reality (VR) on the engineering design process

Conceptual design remains a critical yet underdeveloped phase in engineering practice within developing economies, where access to advanced visualization tools is limited. This study examines the use of immersive virtual reality (VR) as an alternative environment for engineering students to generate and refine early design concepts. Using a mixed-method approach grounded in Experiential Learning Theory, we engaged 20 undergraduate and postgraduate students to undertake VR-based design tasks, with outcomes assessed through quantitative surveys and thematic analysis. Our results indicate that VR fosters more fluid idea generation, strengthens three-dimensional thinking, and deepens participants’ engagement with the design process. Further, usability challenges and occasional discomfort underscore the importance of structured training and user support. These findings position VR as a promising pedagogical resource for conceptual design education in resource-constrained contexts and provide practical guidance for its integration into engineering curricula across emerging economies.